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來源：本站原創 2011-08-25 15:52:22
一、現在完成時
�。ㄒ唬┈F在完成時的用法
1. 表示過去發生或已經完成的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果，重點強調對現在造成的結果或影響。此種用法中的動詞一般為終止性動詞（也稱非延續性動詞），常與just, ever, never, yet, already, before等副詞連用。
例如：
I have already seen the film.
我已經看過那部電影了�！� （說明已知道內容，或不想再看了）
She has just closed the door.
她剛把門關上�！� （說明門現在是關著的）
先將幾個副詞的用法說明如下：
1) already的意思是"已經"。通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動詞have/has之后，也可放在句末。在表示驚訝等的疑問句中也可用already。
例如：
Have you seen the film already?
你真的看過這部電影嗎？
2) yet用于疑問句的意思是"已經"，用在否定句的意思是"還"，常位于句末。
just的意思是"剛剛"，表示動作剛剛完成，用于現在完成時，位于助動詞have/has之后。 要注意與just now的區別：just now的意思是"剛才"，用于一般過去時。
例如：
The train has just left here.
火車剛剛離開這兒。
The train left here just now.
火車剛才離開這兒。
3) ever 的意思是"曾經"，多用于疑問句中，一般位于過去分詞之前。
例如：
Have you ever seen him?
你曾經見過他嗎？
never 的意思是"從來沒有"，常用在助動詞之后。
例如：
I have never heard of him.
我從來沒有聽說過他。
before 的意思是"從前"，泛指過去不確定的某個時間，常位于句末。
例如：
I haven't eaten Sichuan food before.
我以前從未吃過四川菜。
2. 表示過去已經開始，持續到現在的動作或狀態，甚至還可能繼續下去，常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用。
此用法中的動詞必須是延續性動詞，如live, study, work, be, wait, know, stay等。for為介詞，后面要接"一段時間"。since用作介詞時，后面接"時間點"； since用作連詞時，后面接"從句"（從句謂語動詞用一般過去時）。
例如：
I have known Jim for two years.
我認識吉姆兩年了。
They have lived there since1995.
從1995年以來他們就住在那兒。
Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since he came here in 1998.
王叔叔自從他1998年來這兒就在這個工廠工作。
注：延續性動詞與終止性動詞的運用
延續性動詞可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。終止性動詞所表示的是短暫的動作，如borrow, lend, buy, come, go, put, take, open, leave, give, die, finish, become等，不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，一般要改為能夠表示延續狀態的詞或短語。如：
buy-have borrow/lend-keep
die-be dead come/go－be
leave－be away begin－be on
join－be + 名詞/介詞短語
（join the Party = be a Party member/ be in the Party）
試比較：
他回來三天了。
He has come back for three days. (wrong)
He has been back for three days. (right)
她奶奶去世五年了。
Her grandma has died for five years. (wrong)
Her grandma has been dead for five years. (right)
3. 反復性用法，表示過去到現在這段時間內反復發生的動作。
我本周就到過這座城市兩次。
I have been to the city twice this week.
我一直在想她最近怎樣拿到的錢。
I have often wondered where she gets her money all these days.
�。ǘ┈F在完成時的構成
現在完成時由"助動詞have/has+動詞的過去分詞"構成 。除主語是第三人稱用has外，其它人稱的主語都用have。
1. 肯定句結構：主語+助動詞have/has+動詞的過去分詞+其它。
例如：
She has finished her homework.
她已做完作業了。
We have cleaned our classroom.
我們已經打掃完教室了。
2. 否定句結構：主語+助動詞have/has + not + 動詞的過去分詞+其它。
現在完成時的否定句，只需直接在助動詞have /has 后面加上not構成。have not 與has not 可分別縮寫為haven't與hasn't�？隙ň渲杏衋lready時，一般要該為yet。
例如：
They haven't spoken to a foreigner.
他們還沒有與外國人說過話。
Miss Gao hasn't come back yet。
高老師還沒有回來。
3. 一般疑問句結構：助動詞Have/Has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+其它?
現在完成時的一般疑問句直接把have/has提到主語之前構成，同時也要把句中的already該為yet�？隙ǖ暮喡曰卮馂椋� "Yes,主語+have/has". 有時也可用"Yes, already".否定的簡略回答為"No,主語+haven't/hasn't ."有時也可用 "No, not yet./ No, never./ Not yet. "等。
例如
1. -Have you returned the book? 你把那本書還了嗎？
-Yes, I have. 是的，我還了。
2. -Have you found your lost bike yet? 你找到你丟失的自行車了嗎？
-No, not yet. 還沒有。
�。ㄈ┮话氵^去時與現在完成時用法比較
1. 過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2. 現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
3. 過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
4. 現在完成時的時間狀語：
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now,
in past years, always
5. 現在完成時不能與表示過去的時間狀語連用。
一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，也可以表示過去習慣性的動作，不涉及與現在的關系，它常與表示過去的具體時間狀語連用，如：yesterday, last year, in 1998, three days ago 等。現在完成時強調過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果，以及過去已經開始并延續到現在的動作，與現在有著密切的關系，因而不能與表示過去的時間狀語連用。
6. 舉例：
I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了。）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）
She has returned from Paris. ( 她已從巴黎回來了。)
She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來了。）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團內的狀態可延續）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
He joined the League three years ago. （三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。）
I have finished my homework now.
-Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
-He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
�。ㄥe）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
�。▽Γ㏕om wrote a letter to his parents last night.
二、過去進行時
（一） 概念和形式：
過去進行時表示在過去某一時刻或某一段時間內進行或發生的動作。其形式為was /were + V-ing。常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者與when, while, as引導的過去時間狀語連用。
例如：
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七點到九點的時候我們在看電視。
What was he researching all day last Sunday?
上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
�。ǘ┚唧w用法：
1) 表示過去某一時刻或過去某段時間內正在進行的動作，一般要有表示過去時間的狀語。
例如：
At that time she was working in Oxford.
那時，她正在牛津大學工作。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.
今天早晨六點鐘天正下著雨。
What were you doing when I phoned you last night?
昨晚我給你打電話時你在干什么？
2) 在含有時間狀語從句的復合句中，延續性動詞用過去進行時，非延續性動詞用一般過去時。
例如：
They were watching TV when I entered the room.
我進入房間時，他們正在看電視。
若主句和從句的動詞均為延續性動詞，則可以兩邊都可以采用過去進行時。
例如：
The children were playing with their toys while I was eating my dinner.
我吃飯的時候，孩子們在玩他們的玩具。
3) 可用來表示由過去某時持續到另一時間的過去動作。
例如：
He was studying in Cambridge between 1999 and 2001.
在1999年和2001年那段時間，他在劍橋學習。
From January to March I was traveling in Egypt.
從一月份到三月份期間，我在埃及旅游。
這種時間狀語亦可同一般過去時連用，如：
例如：
He worked from morning till night yesterday.
昨天他從早到晚地工作。
4) 表示故事發生的背景。
It was a sunny morning. Some people were sitting on the riverbank.
Some were walking with their dogs. Several boys were playing football nearby...
一個陽光明媚的清晨。河堤上坐著幾個人。有的人在溜狗。不遠處有幾個男童在踢足球...
5）與某些動詞連用時，代替過去將來時。這類動詞有 come來, go去, leave離開, start開始, stay逗留 等。主語必須是人。
例如：
He telephoned me, saying that his aunt was coming to see me soon.
他打電話給我，說他姨媽很快就要看我了。
注意：
（一）有一些動詞一般不用過去進行時：如agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。例如：
誤：I was knowing the answer.
正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
誤：I wasn't understanding him.
正：I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
�。ǘ┻^去進行時與一般過去時的區別。
A. 進行時表某一行為的"片斷"一般時表示行為的"整體"和存在的狀態。
I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完，"讀"的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已讀完，表整個"讀")
B. 一般持續時間狀語多與進行時連用
It was raining all night.
(優先用was raining ,rained 為持續動詞，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon.
(短暫動詞與持續時間連用，表反復，連續發生，不可用一般過去時)
C. while 時間狀語從句中用短暫動詞時只能用進行時。
例如：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
D. While 所在主從句動作大致持續相等時主從句一般都用進行時，但若是持續動詞可都用一般過去時，
兩個動作一長一短時短的用一般時，長的用進行時。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
I cooked the dinner while he played the piano.
I saw him while I was walking to the station.
三、鞏固練習
1. --- Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
--- ______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
2. --- ______ you ______anywhere before?
--- Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed
3. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice ______ he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
4. Tom ______ the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
5. I ______ a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard
6. --- Have you ever ______ Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?
--- Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
7. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
8. --- Have you ever __________ the Great Wall?
--- Yes, twice.
A. been B. been to C. went to D. gone to
9. When Henry arrived at the bus stop, the bus ______ for two hours.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
10. I ______ the League for five years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. join
11. How long ________ Mr. Smith ________?
A. did; die B. was; dead C. was; dying D. has; been dead
12. When I ______ in Beijing, it was raining hard.
A. got B. reached C. arrived D. was
13. Tom ______ the car for two months.
A. has had B. bought C. has bought D. had got
14. --- How long have you ___ the book?
--- For a week.
A. borrowed B. lent C. bought D. kept
15. Hurry up! The play _ _ _ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. has begun C. has been on D. began
16. Miss Wu has taught in the school_____.
A. since ten years B. ten years ago C. for ten years ago D. for ten years
17. David _____ China twice.
A. has been in B. has been to C. have gone D. has gone to
18. He has never visited the Great Wall, _____?
A. hasn't he B. has he C. doesn't he D. doesn't he
19.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried B. made…have tried
C. has made…tried D. made…tried
20 "He ____to draw horses already". When _____ he ?"
" Last year "
A. learned…has B. learned…did C. has learned…has D. has learned…did
21. My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding
22. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.
A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked
C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked
23.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked
C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking
24.I don't think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
25.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
26.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I'm terribly sorry.________.
A. I'm not noticing B. I wasn't noticing
C. I haven't noticed D. I don't notice
27. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
28. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.
A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken
29. --- "What's the matter, Ali? You look sad."
--- "Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home."
A. just thought B. have just been thinking
C. was just thinking D. have just thought
參考答案：
1-5：DBCDB 6-10： DCBCC 11-15：DCADC
16-20：BBBBD 21-25：AADBB 26-29：BADAC
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