�、�—Why didn’t you chat with that friendly foreigner just now？

　　-- I’d like to have， but the trouble was _____ he said was difficult for me to understand.

　　③She’ll never forget her stay there _____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.

　　④“I’d like to give my thanks to those _____ help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease.” Said the mother on TV.

　�、軸ome people are worried about the year 2012 _____ they think the earth will end in disaster，

　　Keys： what； that what； when； with whose； when.

　　下面請大家分析一下的難長句，找出句子的主干以及分析句中的其他成分。

　　1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

　　結構分析：句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引導原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關系代詞that引導的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields則是真正的賓語（不定式短語內部to combine是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是狀語），possible做賓語補足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”；in…fashion譯為“用…方法、方式”。

　　譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農業中繼續下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數農民就可獲得高產成為可能。

　　2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.

　　結構分析：句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引導原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引導的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which引導的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects修飾先行詞the scale。scale在此處意為“尺度、衡量標準”。

　　譯文：既然對智力的評估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進行比較時，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

　　3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

　　結構分析：句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。and連接兩個并列分句，每個并列分句中皆有一個when引導的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主語，work為動詞做謂語。qualities在此處是可數名詞，不譯為“質量”，而譯為“特征”。defined不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應譯為主動語態“界定”。

　　譯文：一般來說，當所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時，測試最為有效；而當所測定或預測的東西不能被明確界定時，測試效果最差。

　　4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　結構分析：句子的框架是they do not compensate…，and thus do not tell how…。and連接兩個并列分句，第二個并列分句中由how引導的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復合句，其中had he grown up…（=If he had grown up…）是省略了連詞if的非真實條件句。主句主語的they，在此代指上文提到的tests； able在句中作might have been的表語。underprivileged在此不能譯為“沒有特權的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質條件差的”。

　　譯文：例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公；因此，它們不能說明一個物質條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環境中成長的話，會有多大才干。

　　5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.

　　結構分析：句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset： it invites you to think that…。冒號后的復合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復合句中that引導賓語從句，從句中有either…or…引導的兩個并列的介詞結構作狀語，修飾動詞be treated，其中第一個with介詞結構中還有一個省略了關系代詞that或which的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it代指上文的觀點，即如果對人權沒有達成一致看法，而談論動物的權利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset譯為“從一開始”。動詞invites應轉譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結構extend consideration to意為“給予關懷或關心”，consideration不應譯為“考慮”。

　　譯文：這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認為應該這樣對待動物：要么像對人類自身一樣關懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。

　　6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

　　結構分析：句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是強調句型。it是指上句中所提到的150億年前形成的巨大云團（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）；that引導的應是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for引導的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that引導的定語從句，修飾the patterns and structure。

　　譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的有關過去的最為遙遠的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。

　　7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.

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