定語從句

在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導定語從句的關聯詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.這是他給我的生日禮物。Do you know everybody who came to the party?你認識來宴會的每一位嗎?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.這是毛主席曾經居住的地方。

二、各個關系代詞和關系副詞的具體用法

1. who 指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。I prefer singers who can write their own lyrics.我更喜歡能寫自己歌詞的歌唱家。These are musicians who make us happy.這些是能讓我們高興的音樂家。People who eat a balanced diet are healthier.平衡飲食的人是健康的。2. whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?你認識我們在門口遇到的那個年輕人嗎?Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.你想見的李先生已經來了。3. whose 指人，在定語從句中作定語。The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.她媽媽病了的那個女孩今天呆在家。I know the boy whose father is a professor.我認識他的父親是教授的那個男孩。4. which指物，在定語從中作主語或賓語。A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.字典是給單詞釋義的一本書。Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.這是老師昨天提到的那本書。5. that多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。I prefer music that has great lyrics. 我喜歡具有優美歌詞的音樂。Carmen likes music that’s loud. Carmen喜歡大聲的音樂。I like music that I can dance to. 我喜歡能伴舞的音樂。6. when 指時間，在定語從句中作狀語。I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.我從來不會忘記我們工作在農場的那個時光。He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.在我離開的那天他到的北京。7. where 指地點，在定語從句中作狀語。This is the house where we lived last year.這是我們去年居住的那個房子。The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.他的父親工作的工廠是在城市的東邊。

三、關系代詞和關系副詞的功用

關系代詞和關系副詞用來引導定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯系起來。關系代詞和關系副詞又在定語從句中充當一個成分，關系代詞可作主語、賓語或定語，關系副詞可作狀語。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數必須和先行詞一致。I don’t like people who talk much but do little.我不喜歡說話多做事少的人。The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.在湖北省生產的汽車銷量好。She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.她是我昨天在校門口遇到的那個人。The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape.我奶奶給我的那本書叫做《勝利大逃亡》。

3. 作定語

關系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語。What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?他的妹妹是醫生的那個年輕男士叫什么名字?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.她的父親是一位老師的那個女孩學習非常努力。

4. 作狀語

I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.我從來不會忘記我第一次來北京的那天。This is the house where I was born.這是我出生的那個房子。1)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數詞、形容詞最高級時，只能用that，而不用which。He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個通過考試的人。2)被修飾的先行詞為all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代詞時，只能用that，而不用which。Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?在商店里你有什么東西要買嗎?3)先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等詞修飾時，只能用that，而不用which。This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。4)先行詞里同時含有人或物時，只能用that， 而不用which.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。5)以who或which引導的特殊疑問句，為避免重復，只能用that.Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?6)主句是there be 結構，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書是湯姆的。1)先行詞為that，those時，用which，而不用that.What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?2)關系代詞前有介詞時，一般用which，而不用that.This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。3)引導非限制性定語從句，用which，而不用that.Tom came back，which made us happy.湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。

3. 關系代詞 whom，which

在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 或 which 放先行詞后，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面。That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.

那是我們居住了十年的房子。

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