概念

定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式以及介詞短語等來擔任，也可以由一個句子來充當，充當定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。

定語從句“三要素”

1.先行詞

：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞

①指人的先行詞

②指物的先行詞

★ 先行詞還可以是前面整個句子所敘述的事情。

He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which替代前面所敘述的事情) 先行詞

2.關系詞

：引導定語的詞

(1)關系詞的作用

①替代前面的先行詞(替代作用)

②連接主句和定語從句(連接作用)

③在定語從句中作句子成分(成分作用)

(2)關系詞的分類

①標準：根據關系詞在從句中做的句子成分種類

②關系代詞：在從句中做 主，賓，表，定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)

③關系副詞：在從句中作狀語(When/where/why)

3.定語從句

：用來做定語，修飾限定先行詞的句子

定語從句的分類：

①限制性定語從句：對先行詞起限定修飾作用。

He is a teacher who works at our school.

②非限制性定語從句：對先行詞起補充說明作用(先行詞與定語從句之間有逗號隔開)

Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.

比較：

He has two sons, who work in the same company.

(He has only two sons.)

He has two sons who work in the same company.

(Perhaps he has two more sons)

定語從句的10個難點

1.關系代詞的省略(限定性定語從句)

(1)關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語

She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)

(2)關系代詞在定語從句中作表語

He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)

(3)關系代詞作介詞賓語，介詞在從句句尾時可以省略

Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.

比較：

Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.(此時只能用which且不能省略)

2.先行詞是人(that/who的區別)

(1)用that的情況

①以疑問詞who開頭的句子中

Who is the man that is shouting there?

②關系代詞在從句中作表語時

She is not the girl that she used to be.

③先行詞被the very, the right, the only修飾

This is the very person that we are looking for.

(2)用who的情況

①先行詞是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等

Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.

②句子中有兩個定語從句,一個用了that,另外一個用who

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

③在there be 結構中

There are many young men who are against him.

④在非限定性定語從句當中

Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.

3.先行詞是物(that / which的區別)

(1)用which的情況

①在非限定性定語從句中

She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.

②關系詞置于介詞之后，作賓語

The pen with which you write is Jack’s.

③先行詞是that或定語從句中套定語從句,一個關系詞用that,另一個用which.

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.

(2)用that的情況

①先行詞是不定代詞如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等

She did all that she could to help us.

②先行詞被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right，the last等所修飾時

This is the very book that I want.

③先行詞中既有人又有物時

She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.

④先行詞前有序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時

This is the best book that I have ever read.

This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.

⑤定語從句中套定語從句，其中一個關系詞以用which, 另外一個用that

He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

⑥當主句的主語是疑問詞which,另一個用that

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

4.As引導定語從句用法

(1)As 既可以引導限制性定語從句也可以用于非限定性定句中充當主語，賓語，表語等。

常用于以下句型當中：Such/so….. as…. 像…..一樣 the same …. as… 和…...同樣

A computer is so useful a machine as we can use everyday.

He is not the same man as he was.

(2)引導非限制性定語從句，此時譯為“正如，像”等。可以放在句首，句中或句末。

As I remember, there were a net bar here.

Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all.

★the same as...和the same that...引導定語從句的區別

This is the same bike that I lost yesterday. (同一事物)

This is the same bike as I lost yesterday. (同類事物)

5.關系副詞的運用

(1)When 在定語從句中做時間狀語，先行詞為表示時間的time, day等

I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)

(2)Where 在定語從句中做地點狀語，先行詞為表地點的place, spot等

Can you tell me the office where he works?(where = in which)

(3)Why 在定語從句中做原因狀語，先行詞只有reason.

I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were absent.(why = for which)

★ 關系副詞 = 相應的介詞 + 關系代詞

★ Where引導的定語從句還可以修飾抽象空間的名詞如case(情形)，situation, position(位置),stage (階段)，point(地步)等

What are the situations where body language is the only form ofcommunication?

在哪些情況下身體語言是唯一的溝通方式。(此時where = in which)

6.幾個特殊的先行詞

(1)way在定語從句中做狀語時的三種引導方式 that / in which / 不填

The way in which / that / 不填 he explains the sentence to us is quite simple.

比較：The way which /that/不填 he told to us was quite simple.

★way在定語中作tell的賓語

(2)先行詞time

time表示“次數”時，用關系代詞that引導定語從句

This is the first time that the president has visited the country.

time作“一段時間” 講時，應用關系副詞when

This was the time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets

★此時when = during which 在..期間

(3)先行詞reason當在定語從句中作狀語時，定語從句的4種引導方式 why/for which/that/不填

This is the reason why/for which/that/不填 he can not come here.

★reason 在定語從句中做explain的賓語

7.介詞+關系代詞

★該結構的關系代詞只有兩種即 介詞+which(指物) 介詞+whom(指人)

★該結構介詞的選用原則：

(1)根據定語從句中謂語動詞的習慣搭配

This is the book on which I spent $ 8.

This is the book for which I paid $ 8.

(2)根據先行詞的搭配習慣

I remember the days during which I lived there.

I remember the day on which I graduated from university.

(3)根據整個句子所表達的意思來決定

The colorless gas without which we can’t live is called oxygen.

(4)英語中為了強調某一名詞，不定式前面也可以加上關系代詞。

Here is the money with which to buy the piano.

She is the right person on whom to depend

注意：

①如果介詞后移，關系代詞可以省略

The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.

②有些含有介詞的動詞短語介詞不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hear from/of/about deal with等

This is the baby that you will look after.

8.定語從句的主謂一致

(1)當先行詞是 one of + 復數名詞，定語從句的位于動詞要用復數形式

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitor every year.

(2)當先行詞是 the only + one of +復數名詞，從句謂語用單數形式

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.

(3)先行詞如果是整個句子，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數

Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.

He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.

9.定語從句的轉化

定語從句可以轉換為 –ing或-ed形式

The girl (who is) dancing now just returned from Taiwan.

I love the stories (which were) written by Hemingway.

The man (who stands) standing there is my friend.

10. 定語從句的解題方法

(1)判斷從句是否為定語從句 (先行詞，關系詞，定語從句)

(2)準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、賓、表、定、狀)從而正確選定使用關系代詞或關系副詞

注意：

①關系代詞whose的用法。Whose在定語從句中做定語。

當先行詞是人：whose = the + 名詞 + of whom

當先行詞是物：whose = the + 名詞 + of which

Do you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?

I’d like a room whose window / the window of which faces the sea.

②That引導定語從句，名詞性從句和強調句型的區別:

定語從句中的that:

關系代詞，在后面的定語從句中做句子成分。

名詞性從句中的that

：從屬連詞，只起連接主從句的作用，在從句中不做句子成分。

強調句中的that, 運用于it is/was…that..結構;判斷標準：去掉強調句型結構，成分仍然完整。

比較：

This is the book that I am looking for.(that 引導定語從句)

It is at Bashu middle school that I have studied for three years.

(that和前面的it is構成強調句型)

The fact that he stole the money surprised all of us.

(that 引導名詞性從句--同位語從句)

That he will come to the conference has excited all of us.

(that引導名詞性從句--主語從句)

We all expect that they win, for members of their team are stronger.

(that引導名詞性從句--賓語從句)

The reason for your failure is that you lack confidence in yourself.

(that 引導名詞性從句--表語從句)

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