一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：

1) am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

例A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)

例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

例A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

例The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(少用)

例The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。

例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。

例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。

例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。

例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) 。

例I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、 如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語(yǔ))。

例 My bike was stolen last night.

2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3. 為了更好地安排句子。

例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了)

三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型

一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞+to do sth.”。有：

It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…眾所周知，It is thought that…大家認(rèn)為，It is suggested that…據(jù)建議。

例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )

四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。

例 This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

試比較：The door won't lock. (指門本身有毛病)

The door won't be locked. (指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門, 指“門沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因)

2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?

3. 系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例Your reason sounds reasonable

五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。

1. 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。

例The house needs repairing(to be repaired).這房子需要修理。

2. 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。

例The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)

3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)

試比較：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)

4. 在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5. 在too… to…結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6. 在there be…句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。

例There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost，誰(shuí) lost time不明確。)

7. 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng), 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語(yǔ)的影響,下列動(dòng)詞rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?

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