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一、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念

1)He opened the door. 他開(kāi)了門(mén)。

以上例句是一個(gè)主動(dòng)句，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者/發(fā)出者

2)The door was opened by him. 門(mén)被開(kāi)了。

第二個(gè)例句是一個(gè)被動(dòng)句，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者

漢語(yǔ)中表示被動(dòng)的詞：被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 給…

英語(yǔ)中表被動(dòng)用：be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成

二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法

1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種句型

肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+(by)

eg: My phone was made in China.

否定句：主語(yǔ)+be not+過(guò)去分詞+(by)

eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.

一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+(by)?

eg: Was your phone made in China?

特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+(by)?

eg: Where was your phone made?

2)不同時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

3) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語(yǔ)。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.

昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰(shuí)打破的)

They have been poorly paid.

他們的工資太低。(沒(méi)必要指出工資是誰(shuí)付的)

突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語(yǔ)。

These books are written especially for children.

這些書(shū)是專(zhuān)門(mén)為孩子們寫(xiě)的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“這些書(shū)”)

三、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1)一般情況下主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

主動(dòng)句：He closed the door.

變被動(dòng)句：The door was closed by him.

口訣：賓變主，主變賓，謂變be done, 時(shí)不變，數(shù)格必須隨被變。

2)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中若有雙賓語(yǔ)

Vivian gave me a book. 雙賓語(yǔ)(me是間賓， book是直賓)

-I was given a book by Vivian. 間接賓語(yǔ)提前

-A book was given to me by Vivian. 直接賓語(yǔ)提前時(shí)，要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加介詞

動(dòng)詞make/buy/get用for; 動(dòng)詞give/send/lend/take用to

3) “感使動(dòng)詞” (feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, look at)真奇怪，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“to”走開(kāi)，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又請(qǐng)來(lái)，十個(gè)動(dòng)詞要記牢，不會(huì)被它再難倒。

We saw him play football on the playground.

我們看見(jiàn)他在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。

變被動(dòng)：He was seen to play football on the playground.

他被我們看到在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。

四、主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

1) 系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如feel, sound, taste, look, become, fall, get, grow, keep, remain, seem, smell, stay, turn等等

Your idea sounds good. 你的注意聽(tīng)起來(lái)蠻好的。

You look beautiful. 你看起來(lái)美美的。

2) 在need, require, want, be worth , deserve等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

The TV needs repairing. 電視需要修理。

= The TV needs to be repaired.

3) 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不能使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的有：appear, die, disappear, end(vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place，occur等。

A car accident happened in the street.

一場(chǎng)車(chē)禍發(fā)生在街上。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown.

我的故鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨變。

4) 在某些形容詞后面，當(dāng)不定式表達(dá)的情況與它前面的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。

She has an important meeting to attend.

她有一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議要參加。

五、易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(常考點(diǎn))

1)在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

If l am given enough time, I will do it better.

給我足夠的時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好。

2)固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞或副詞在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省去。

Such a bad habit should be got rid of.

這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。(of 不可以省去的)

3)有些動(dòng)詞如write, read, sell，wash, open等當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行情況時(shí), 有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 當(dāng)用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)本身所具有的特征時(shí),無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The computers were sold out, because they sell well.

電腦被賣(mài)光了，因?yàn)樗鼈冑u(mài)得好。

The cloth washes easily.

這布很好洗。

4)在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)和形容詞 enough to do結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

The problem is too difficult to work out.

5)常見(jiàn)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型搭配

據(jù)說(shuō)..... It is said that ...

據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo).. It is reported that ...

據(jù)推測(cè)..... It is supposed that ...

希望.... It is hoped that ...

眾所周知..... It is well known that ...